Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Transmission, Symptoms, and Treatment Explained

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)

 Particularly considering the rising frequency of respiratory diseases throughout the winter, the health officials of the nation are attentively observing the matter. Concerns over a possible global outbreak have been raised by officials reporting observations of cases of pneumonia with unclear causes. :

Reports indicate that the COVID-19 epidemic is fast growing, so this rise raises questions five years after it started. Apart from China , Malaysia also shows a notable rise in HMPV infections within the last several months. India has also recorded verified cases of the virus, which forces health authorities to keep alert.


Hospitals in China are shown in circulating social media videos battling to control flu influx. Nonetheless, Mao Ning, a spokesman for China's Foreign Ministry, has reassured the people that respiratory infections usually peak in winter and that the scope and intensity of dissemination seem to be smaller than in past years. She underlined that the government is still dedicated to protect the health of its people as well as foreigners living within its borders.

China's National Disease Control and Prevention Administration recently convened a news conference to address mounting worries on the nation's approach for handling respiratory diseases during the colder months.

Understanding HMPV

A respiratory pathogen, human metapneumovirus causes symptoms akin to those of the common cold or flu. Although most infections are mild, problems like pneumonia can develop especially in susceptible groups such young children, elderly people, and those with compromised immune systems.

Recognizing HMPV Symptoms

Symptoms of HMPV typically appear three to six days following exposure and may include:

• Cough
• Fever
• Nasal congestion
• Shortness of breath
• Sore throat

In severe cases, the infection may necessitate hospitalization. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the median duration of illness varies based on severity but generally aligns with other viral respiratory infections.

Severity and Risk Factors

While most individuals recover at home within a few days, those at higher risk—including young children, individuals over 65, and those with weakened immune systems—may experience more severe illness. The Cleveland Clinic highlights that the initial infection is often the most severe, as subsequent infections tend to be milder due to acquired immunity.

How HMPV Spreads

HMPV is primarily transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual, exposure to respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing, and touching contaminated surfaces. Severe cases may lead to persistent coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing, requiring immediate medical attention.

Treatment Options

Nowadays, no vaccine or special antiviral treatment for HMPV. As Management focuses on symptom relief, including:

• Over-the-counter medications for fever and pain relief
• Decongestants to ease nasal congestion
• Adequate hydration and rest

Individuals should seek medical advice if:

• They or their child have underlying conditions that increase the risk of severe illness
• Symptoms persist or worsen after a few days
• Fever lasts for more than three days

Preventing the Spread of HMPV

To reduce the risk of infection, the following preventive measures are recommended:

• Regular hand washing for at least twenty-seconds using soap and water.
• Keeping unclean hands away from touching the face
• keeping distance from people showing disease symptoms
• While coughing or sneezing, cover the mouth and nose; avoid sharing utensils and personal belongings.
• Staying home when feeling unwell
• Regularly disinfecting high-touch surfaces like doorknobs and shared objects

Global Spread and Response

Apart from China, Malaysia and India have also reported HMPV cases. In Hong Kong, a few cases have been documented, while neighboring countries such as Cambodia and Taiwan are closely monitoring the situation.

In 2024, Malaysia reported 327 HMPV cases—a significant 45% increase from 225 cases in 2023—according to The Straits Times. In response, the Malaysian Health Ministry has urged the public to take preventive steps to control the virus's spread.

Meanwhile, in India, authorities confirmed two HMPV cases in Karnataka through routine respiratory virus surveillance. The infected infants had no prior history of international travel, indicating the virus's local circulation.

With cases of HMPV on the rise, public health authorities are taking precautionary steps to monitor and manage the outbreak. Although the virus generally causes mild illness, vulnerable populations remain at risk of severe complications. By following hygiene protocols and seeking medical attention when necessary, individuals can help curb the virus’s spread and protect public health.